Catalog > NOAA GFS forecast > Validation report

NOAA GFS forecast validation report

This dataset validation report plots a sample of values from the NOAA GFS forecast dataset over time and across space, comparing where possible to a previously validated reference dataset. It also reports the quantity of unavailable values and their associated timestamps. These analyses are one layer of a multi-layered dataset validation process we perform at dynamical.org and also provide users a preview of the dataset contents.

Report generation start time: 2026-07-21T20:54:38 UTC

Summary

This dataset has been reviewed and is ready for use. This validation pass adds four new variables at 80 m above ground — 80 metre temperature, 80 metre pressure, and the 80 metre U and V wind components — to the previously validated set of 21 variables; all four are complete over the archive and physically consistent with the neighbouring 10 m and 100 m fields (see What looks good). One known data gap remains, unchanged from prior validation: unavailable values across four consecutive forecast init cycles on 2022-11-29 → 2022-11-30, caused by corrupted index sidecars in the upstream NOAA GFS archive (see Review notes).

What looks good

The four new 80 m variables are correct. 80 metre temperature, 80 metre pressure, and the 80 metre U and V wind components are complete over the full archive (no gaps beyond the shared upstream one noted below). Their spatial maps have correct global geometry and land–sea placement: 80 metre temperature closely tracks 2 metre temperature (init=2024-01-15T00 + 24 h snapshot: range −46.5 to +37.3 °C, mean 3.8 °C); 80 metre pressure reproduces terrain (low over the Tibetan Plateau, the Andes, and Antarctica) and sits about 1 kPa below surface pressure, as expected for the added height; and the wind components are near-zero-mean with the coherent mid-latitude zonal (U) and synoptic (V) structure, slightly stronger than the 10 metre winds as expected for the boundary-layer profile. Full-period mean/spread series are smooth with no unit step-changes, temporal plots show in-phase diurnal cycles over land, and histograms show no sentinel spikes or quantization banding. These variables have no NOAA GEFS counterpart, so they are shown validation-only.
Across all variables the validation maps match the NOAA GEFS reference in continental placement and feature alignment on the 0.25° global grid (latitude north-up, longitude −180° to +180°), with no flipped axes, missing seams, or off-grid coordinates.
Validation and reference histograms overlap for every comparable variable, with no unit-scale offsets. Physical ranges are realistic across the global snapshot at init=2024-01-15T00 + 24 h lead: temperature roughly −52 to +39 °C, surface pressure 48.4 to 106.7 kPa, mean sea-level pressure 95.7 to 106.8 kPa, 10 m winds within ±33 m/s, precipitable water 0.23 to 76.5 kg/m², downward shortwave radiation 0 to 1012 W/m², downward longwave radiation 96 to 488 W/m².
Time series at both sampled points (lat 45.0°N, lon −100.0°E in the North American interior; lat −35.0°S, lon 155.0°E in the Tasman Sea) track the NOAA GEFS analysis reference closely for temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, and precipitable water; diurnal cycles in shortwave radiation and 2 m / 80 m temperature are in phase; categorical and accumulated variables align with reference timing. Divergence beyond ~day 5 of lead time reflects normal forecast skill decay rather than a data issue.
No unexpected nulls outside the documented upstream gap. No quantization banding, sentinel-value bleed-through (the 20 km cloud-ceiling and −50 % frozen-precipitation-fraction values both also appear in the GEFS reference and are upstream GRIB conventions for "no ceiling" / "no precipitation"), or unit mismatches were observed.

Review notes

Unavailable values 2022-11-29 → 2022-11-30 (all variables, four affected init cycles: 2022-11-29T12Z, 2022-11-29T18Z, 2022-11-30T00Z, 2022-11-30T06Z). The upstream s3://noaa-gfs-bdp-pds/ archive published .idx byte-index sidecars for these init cycles whose byte offsets do not align with the GRIB message boundaries in the corresponding GRIB files; the byte-range download path trusts those offsets and the partial bytes returned are not valid GRIB. Direct inspection of the underlying GRIB files confirms the data is intact at the source — only the published index is wrong. We are attempting to have these fixed at the source and will backfill once that has happened. Visible in availability_temperature_2m.png and every other availability_<var>.png.

Datasets

Role	Name	ID	Version	URL
Validation	NOAA GFS forecast	`noaa-gfs-forecast`	`v0.2.7`	`s3://us-west-2.opendata.source.coop/dynamical/noaa-gfs-forecast/v0.2.7.zarr`
Reference	NOAA GEFS analysis	`noaa-gefs-analysis`	`0.1.2`	`s3://dynamical-noaa-gefs/noaa-gefs-analysis/v0.1.2.icechunk/`

Run parameters

Parameter	Value
Validation dataset type	forecast
Validation time range	init_time 2021-05-01T00:00 → 2026-07-21T12:00
Reference time range	time 2000-01-01T00:00 → 2026-07-21T12:00
Point 1	lat=45.0000, lon=-100.0000
Point 2	lat=-35.0000, lon=155.0000
Spatial comparison time	init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)
Timeseries period	init=2025-08-17T12:00
Vertical level	middle level per vertical dim

Availability

The plot below shows the availability of each variable over time — light red marks unavailable data, dark green marks present data.

availability heatmap

Variable	Complete positions	Incomplete %	First incomplete	Last incomplete
`categorical_freezing_rain_surface`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`categorical_ice_pellets_surface`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`categorical_rain_surface`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`categorical_snow_surface`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`maximum_temperature_2m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`minimum_temperature_2m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`percent_frozen_precipitation_surface`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`precipitable_water_atmosphere`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`precipitation_surface`	7625/7631	0.08%	2022-11-29T12:00	2023-01-30T12:00
`pressure_80m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`pressure_surface`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`relative_humidity_2m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`temperature_2m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`temperature_80m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`total_cloud_cover_atmosphere`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`wind_u_100m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`wind_u_10m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`wind_u_80m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`wind_v_100m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`wind_v_10m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00
`wind_v_80m`	7627/7631	0.05%	2022-11-29T12:00	2022-11-30T06:00

Unavailable timestamps: unavailable_timestamps.txt

Per-variable details

`categorical_freezing_rain_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical freezing rain
short_name	cfrzr
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	0	0.0008373	0.00725	0.07692
P2	0	0	0	0

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.0002687	1
Reference	0	0.0003862	1

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P1 Reference	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Reference	0	0	0

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1587248, P2 196/1587248

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — time series comparison

categorical_freezing_rain_surface — availability over append dim

`categorical_ice_pellets_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical ice pellets
short_name	cicep
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	0	0.0003194	0.003081	0.07692
P2	0	0	0	0

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.0001686	1
Reference	0	0.0003506	1

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P1 Reference	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Reference	0	0	0

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1587248, P2 196/1587248

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — time series comparison

categorical_ice_pellets_surface — availability over append dim

`categorical_rain_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical rain
short_name	crain
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	0	0.09145	0.2234	0.5481
P2	0.01923	0.4458	0.4655	0.9135

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.2312	1
Reference	0	0.2906	1

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	0.07212	1
P1 Reference	0.1473	1
P2 Validation	0.5529	1
P2 Reference	0.6512	1

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1587248, P2 196/1587248

categorical_rain_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_rain_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_rain_surface — time series comparison

categorical_rain_surface — availability over append dim

`categorical_snow_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`1`
long_name	Categorical snow
short_name	csnow
standard_name	n/a
step_type	avg
flag_values	`0, 1`
flag_meanings	no yes

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	0	0.04703	0.1279	0.6635
P2	0	0	0	0

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	0.1048	1
Reference	0	0.1447	1

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	0	0	0
P1 Reference	0	0	0
P2 Validation	0	0	0
P2 Reference	0	0	0

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1587248, P2 196/1587248

categorical_snow_surface — full-period value time series

categorical_snow_surface — spatial comparison

categorical_snow_surface — time series comparison

categorical_snow_surface — availability over append dim

`downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface downward long-wave radiation flux
short_name	sdlwrf
standard_name	surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	167.7	296.1	33.26	397.7
P2	304.8	349.7	24.03	399.2

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	96	290.8	488
Reference	95	288.5	488

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	284	371.4	442
P1 Reference	276	351.2	428
P2 Validation	284	320.5	394
P2 Reference	284	318.6	378

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1587248, P2 196/1587248

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface downward short-wave radiation flux
short_name	sdswrf
standard_name	surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	51.75	185.9	231.4	352.6
P2	49.37	183.7	251.7	349.4

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	189	1012
Reference	0	192.8	1008

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	261.1	852
P1 Reference	244.8	840
P2 Validation	139.2	724
P2 Reference	163.9	712

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1587248, P2 196/1587248

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — availability over append dim

`geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Geopotential height
short_name	gh
standard_name	geopotential_height
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	4015	1.38e+04	7380	1.944e+04
P2	1800	1.026e+04	8365	1.873e+04

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	3.172	1.171e+04	1.997e+04
Reference	0.6758	1.641e+04	1.997e+04

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	662	1.734e+04	2.003e+04
P1 Reference	700	1.782e+04	2.003e+04
P2 Validation	144.5	1.107e+04	2.003e+04
P2 Reference	536	1.172e+04	2.003e+04

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — full-period value time series

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — spatial comparison

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — time series comparison

geopotential_height_cloud_ceiling — availability over append dim

`maximum_temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Maximum temperature
short_name	tmax
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	max

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-20.51	11.12	6.029	34.18
P2	14.61	18.99	1.208	24.33

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-51.25	4.605	43
Reference	-43.5	4.852	43

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	10.81	28.47	40.25
P1 Reference	11.44	24.25	37.75
P2 Validation	13.56	15.93	19.25
P2 Reference	13.81	16.4	19

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1587248, P2 196/1587248

maximum_temperature_2m — full-period value time series

maximum_temperature_2m — spatial comparison

maximum_temperature_2m — time series comparison

maximum_temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`minimum_temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Minimum temperature
short_name	tmin
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	min

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-22.52	7.78	5.692	27.95
P2	13.97	18.45	1.257	24.02

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-52	2.893	37
Reference	-48.5	3.253	36.25

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.125	23.33	37.5
P1 Reference	9.5	19.7	36
P2 Validation	12.12	15.34	17.75
P2 Reference	13.31	15.89	18

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1587248, P2 196/1587248

minimum_temperature_2m — full-period value time series

minimum_temperature_2m — spatial comparison

minimum_temperature_2m — time series comparison

minimum_temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`percent_frozen_precipitation_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	Percent frozen precipitation
short_name	cpofp
standard_name	n/a
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-50	-42.34	21.08	46.04
P2	-49.44	-35.47	19.45	-14.28

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-50	-31.76	100
Reference	-50	-23.75	100

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-50	-49.2	-6.109e-06
P1 Reference	-50	-47.67	-6.109e-06
P2 Validation	-50	-36.97	-6.109e-06
P2 Reference	-50	-32.18	-6.109e-06

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — full-period value time series

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — spatial comparison

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — time series comparison

percent_frozen_precipitation_surface — availability over append dim

`precipitable_water_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2`
long_name	Precipitable water
short_name	pwat
standard_name	atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_vapor
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	2.202	15.71	4.963	37.04
P2	12.85	22.31	6.104	42.02

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0.2314	18.05	76.5
Reference	0.2002	17.97	74.5

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	11.94	27.79	40.25
P1 Reference	10.69	24.86	38
P2 Validation	8.75	16.1	37.25
P2 Reference	10.69	17.15	28.75

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

precipitable_water_atmosphere — full-period value time series

precipitable_water_atmosphere — spatial comparison

precipitable_water_atmosphere — time series comparison

precipitable_water_atmosphere — availability over append dim

`precipitation_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2 s-1`
long_name	Precipitation rate
short_name	prate
standard_name	precipitation_flux
step_type	avg

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	0	1.714e-05	7.466e-05	0.000159
P2	6.946e-07	4.711e-05	0.0001352	0.0004575

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	2.68e-05	0.0127
Reference	0	2.549e-05	0.006989

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	2.117e-06	6.962e-05
P1 Reference	1.101e-05	0.00037
P2 Validation	4.59e-05	0.001244
P2 Reference	3.2e-05	0.0003986

Availability — 7625 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2023-01-30T12:00); nulls P1 277/1587248, P2 279/1587248

precipitation_surface — full-period value time series

precipitation_surface — spatial comparison

precipitation_surface — time series comparison

precipitation_surface — availability over append dim

`pressure_80m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	80 metre pressure
short_name	80sp
standard_name	air_pressure
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	9.227e+04	9.349e+04	600.7	9.455e+04
P2	9.938e+04	1.007e+05	552.1	1.02e+05

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	4.784e+04	9.589e+04	1.057e+05

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.21e+04	9.349e+04	9.44e+04
P2 Validation	9.92e+04	1.014e+05	1.024e+05

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

pressure_80m — full-period value time series

pressure_80m — availability over append dim

`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	Pressure reduced to MSL
short_name	prmsl
standard_name	air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	1.002e+05	1.015e+05	738.9	1.034e+05
P2	1.003e+05	1.017e+05	558.8	1.03e+05

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	9.574e+04	1.012e+05	1.068e+05
Reference	9.562e+04	1.012e+05	1.055e+05

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.971e+04	1.011e+05	1.023e+05
P1 Reference	1.008e+05	1.018e+05	1.024e+05
P2 Validation	1.002e+05	1.024e+05	1.034e+05
P2 Reference	1e+05	1.018e+05	1.033e+05

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — full-period value time series

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — spatial comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — time series comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — availability over append dim

`pressure_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	Surface pressure
short_name	sp
standard_name	surface_air_pressure
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	9.318e+04	9.44e+04	616.8	9.555e+04
P2	1.003e+05	1.017e+05	558.8	1.03e+05

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	4.835e+04	9.684e+04	1.067e+05
Reference	4.925e+04	9.683e+04	1.045e+05

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.299e+04	9.434e+04	9.53e+04
P1 Reference	9.427e+04	9.514e+04	9.562e+04
P2 Validation	1.002e+05	1.024e+05	1.034e+05
P2 Reference	1e+05	1.018e+05	1.034e+05

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

pressure_surface — full-period value time series

pressure_surface — time series comparison

pressure_surface — availability over append dim

`relative_humidity_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	2 metre relative humidity
short_name	2r
standard_name	relative_humidity
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	21.54	63.19	17.32	95.89
P2	58.32	70.53	8.323	88.74

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	3.406	80.08	100
Reference	4.094	80.29	100

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	13.88	48.6	98
P1 Reference	20	57.42	94.5
P2 Validation	51.75	67.22	91
P2 Reference	53	68.98	88

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

relative_humidity_2m — full-period value time series

relative_humidity_2m — spatial comparison

relative_humidity_2m — time series comparison

relative_humidity_2m — availability over append dim

`temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	2 metre temperature
short_name	2t
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-21.53	9.424	6.003	31.05
P2	14.33	18.73	1.235	24.19

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-51.75	3.573	39.25
Reference	-49.25	3.757	39

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.188	25.79	40.25
P1 Reference	9.625	21.8	37.25
P2 Validation	13.31	15.68	18.75
P2 Reference	13.31	16.16	19

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

temperature_2m — full-period value time series

temperature_2m — availability over append dim

`temperature_80m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	80 metre temperature
short_name	80t
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-20.99	9.512	5.68	30.9
P2	13.13	17.77	1.429	23.28

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-46.5	3.783	37.25

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	10.5	25.3	38.5
P2 Validation	12.12	14.8	19

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

temperature_80m — full-period value time series

temperature_80m — time series comparison

temperature_80m — availability over append dim

`total_cloud_cover_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	Total cloud cover
short_name	tcc
standard_name	cloud_area_fraction
step_type	avg

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	8.391	56.87	37.28	97.98
P2	17.02	60.17	37.37	93.78

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	68.82	100
Reference	0	60.19	100

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	29.1	100
P1 Reference	28.05	100
P2 Validation	51.8	100
P2 Reference	50.91	100

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1587248, P2 196/1587248

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — full-period value time series

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — spatial comparison

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — time series comparison

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — availability over append dim

`wind_u_100m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	100 metre U wind component
short_name	100u
standard_name	eastward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-6.07	-0.2217	4.888	6.483
P2	-11.56	0.2586	5.172	11.65

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-38	-0.6251	32
Reference	-28.75	-0.6023	31.25

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-10.25	-1.33	19.25
P1 Reference	-8.625	-2.076	6.562
P2 Validation	-10.38	-1.123	17
P2 Reference	-13.75	0.7813	19.25

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

wind_u_100m — full-period value time series

wind_u_100m — availability over append dim

`wind_u_10m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	10 metre U wind component
short_name	10u
standard_name	eastward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-3.961	-0.2652	3.081	3.554
P2	-10.06	0.113	4.508	10.05

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-29.75	-0.4905	25.75
Reference	-23.5	-0.5188	26

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-6.125	-0.8714	12.62
P1 Reference	-5.438	-1.365	4.562
P2 Validation	-9.125	-1.083	14.12
P2 Reference	-11.12	0.6306	16.75

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

wind_u_10m — full-period value time series

wind_u_10m — availability over append dim

`wind_u_80m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	80 metre U wind component
short_name	80u
standard_name	eastward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-5.871	-0.2569	4.676	6.069
P2	-11.46	0.2366	5.123	11.54

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-37	-0.6149	31.5

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-9.75	-1.288	18.5
P2 Validation	-10.25	-1.132	16.5

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

wind_u_80m — full-period value time series

wind_u_80m — availability over append dim

`wind_v_100m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	100 metre V wind component
short_name	100v
standard_name	northward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-6.424	0.03127	5.809	7.479
P2	-9.301	0.2014	7.181	11.3

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-38	-0.5335	39
Reference	-30.5	-0.5339	27.75

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-13.88	1.649	15.5
P1 Reference	-10.12	0.5582	10.12
P2 Validation	-20.5	-0.07563	14
P2 Reference	-19.25	-1.76	20.5

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

wind_v_100m — full-period value time series

wind_v_100m — availability over append dim

`wind_v_10m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	10 metre V wind component
short_name	10v
standard_name	northward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-3.999	-0.04914	3.542	4.606
P2	-7.324	0.3473	6.206	9.66

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2024-01-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-31	-0.4572	33
Reference	-24.25	-0.455	21.75

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-9	0.9506	9.75
P1 Reference	-7.438	0.1733	5.75
P2 Validation	-16.25	0.1947	12.25
P2 Reference	-15.75	-1.357	17.5

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

wind_v_10m — full-period value time series

wind_v_10m — availability over append dim

`wind_v_80m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	80 metre V wind component
short_name	80v
standard_name	northward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series — 2021-05-01T00:00 - 2026-07-21T12:00

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-6.068	0.01752	5.52	7.124
P2	-9.068	0.2272	7.104	11.19

Spatial — init=2024-01-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-37	-0.5305	38

Temporal — init=2025-08-17T12:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-13.38	1.554	14.88
P2 Validation	-20	-0.03854	13.88

Availability — 7627 of 7631 positions complete (incomplete 2022-11-29T12:00 → 2022-11-30T06:00); nulls P1 196/1594879, P2 196/1594879

wind_v_80m — full-period value time series

wind_v_80m — availability over append dim