Catalog > ECMWF AIFS Single forecast > Validation report

ECMWF AIFS Single forecast validation report

This dataset validation report plots a sample of values from the ECMWF AIFS Single forecast dataset over time and across space, comparing where possible to a previously validated reference dataset. It also reports the quantity of unavailable values and their associated timestamps. These analyses are one layer of a multi-layered dataset validation process we perform at dynamical.org and also provide users a preview of the dataset contents.

Report generation start time: 2026-06-05T02:48:31 UTC

Summary

This dataset has been reviewed and is ready for use. Two things are worth knowing before use — five variables begin partway through the archive, and there are two short upstream source-data gaps in early 2025 — both described under Review notes below.

What looks good

Geometry and units. Every variable is on the correct global 0.25° latitude/longitude grid (north at the top, −180° to +180° longitude), with coastlines and terrain in the right places, and each field is in its stated units with physically-plausible value ranges (temperatures in °C, pressures in Pa, geopotential heights in metres, winds in m/s, precipitation in kg m⁻² s⁻¹, radiation in W m⁻², cloud cover in percent), matching the reference distributions where available. No missing-data sentinel values and no visible quantization artifacts.
Agreement with the reference. Where the NOAA GEFS analysis carries the same field — 2-metre temperature, surface and mean-sea-level pressure, surface downward long- and short-wave radiation, total cloud cover, 10- and 100-metre winds, precipitation, and 500 hPa geopotential height — the AIFS values track the reference closely in both the spatial maps and the time series. (AIFS, as an AI model, is a touch smoother with slightly lower extremes, as expected.)
Forecast physics. The daily cycle of solar radiation peaks at the correct time of day, precipitation and radiation accumulators deaccumulate correctly (non-negative rates, no spurious spikes), and the full-period record shows coherent seasonal cycles with no unit or scale discontinuities.

Review notes

Five variables start on 2025-02-26, not at the beginning of the archive. The 100-metre eastward and northward wind components, surface downward long-wave and short-wave radiation, and total cloud cover are unavailable before 2025-02-26. ECMWF added these fields to the AIFS open-data feed at the 2025-02-26 model upgrade, and they are complete from that date onward. All other variables span the full archive from 2024-04-01.
A 42-hour source outage on 2025-02-24 to 2025-02-25. Seven consecutive 6-hourly forecast cycles (2025-02-24 06:00 UTC through 2025-02-25 18:00 UTC) are missing for every variable, because ECMWF did not publish these cycles during the AIFS model transition. This data is unavailable from the source and cannot be recovered.
A few missing forecast hours in the 2025-01-21 06:00 UTC forecast. Within that single forecast, four individual lead times (0, 12, 192, and 270 hours) are missing for the variables that otherwise span the full archive, because the corresponding source files were never published. The remainder of that forecast is intact.

Datasets

Role	Name	ID	Version	URL
Validation	ECMWF AIFS Single forecast	`ecmwf-aifs-single-forecast`	`v0.1.0`	`s3://us-west-2.opendata.source.coop/dynamical/ecmwf-aifs-single-forecast/v0.1.0.zarr`
Reference	NOAA GEFS analysis	`noaa-gefs-analysis`	`0.1.2`	`s3://dynamical-noaa-gefs/noaa-gefs-analysis/v0.1.2.icechunk/`

Run parameters

Parameter	Value
Validation dataset type	forecast
Validation time range	init_time 2024-04-01T00:00 → 2026-06-04T18:00
Reference time range	time 2000-01-01T00:00 → 2026-06-04T18:00
Point 1	lat=62.5000, lon=-124.5000
Point 2	lat=-48.5000, lon=163.5000
Spatial comparison time	init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)
Timeseries period	Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Combined plots

Unavailable values: combined_nulls.png
Value time series (full period): combined_value_timeseries.png
Spatial and distributions: combined_spatial.png
Time series: combined_temporal.png

Unavailable timestamps

Full list: unavailable_timestamps.txt

Variable	Point	Unavailable count	Total count	Unavailable %	Earliest unavailable	Latest unavailable
`dew_point_temperature_2m`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`dew_point_temperature_2m`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface`	P1	1324	190800	0.69%	2024-04-01T00:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface`	P2	1324	190800	0.69%	2024-04-01T00:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface`	P1	1324	190800	0.69%	2024-04-01T00:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface`	P2	1324	190800	0.69%	2024-04-01T00:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`geopotential_height_500hpa`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`geopotential_height_500hpa`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`geopotential_height_850hpa`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`geopotential_height_850hpa`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`geopotential_height_925hpa`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`geopotential_height_925hpa`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`precipitation_surface`	P1	8	190800	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`precipitation_surface`	P2	8	190800	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`pressure_surface`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`pressure_surface`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`temperature_2m`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`temperature_2m`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`temperature_850hpa`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`temperature_850hpa`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`temperature_925hpa`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`temperature_925hpa`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`total_cloud_cover_atmosphere`	P1	1324	193980	0.68%	2024-04-01T00:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`total_cloud_cover_atmosphere`	P2	1324	193980	0.68%	2024-04-01T00:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`wind_u_100m`	P1	1324	193980	0.68%	2024-04-01T00:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`wind_u_100m`	P2	1324	193980	0.68%	2024-04-01T00:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`wind_u_10m`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`wind_u_10m`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`wind_v_100m`	P1	1324	193980	0.68%	2024-04-01T00:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`wind_v_100m`	P2	1324	193980	0.68%	2024-04-01T00:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`wind_v_10m`	P1	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00
`wind_v_10m`	P2	8	193980	0.00%	2025-01-21T06:00:00	2025-02-25T18:00:00

Per-variable details

`dew_point_temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	2 metre dewpoint temperature
short_name	2d
standard_name	dew_point_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-35.92	-7.997	3.801	11.86
P2	2.759	6.904	2.726	11.68

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-69.5	2.03	27.62

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-34.5	-28.47	-12.25
P2 Validation	2.547	7.901	12.12

Nulls — P1: 431/193980 (8 unavailable (first: 2025-01-21T06:00:00, 2025-02-24T06:00:00, 2025-02-24T12:00:00 … last: 2025-02-25T06:00:00, 2025-02-25T12:00:00, 2025-02-25T18:00:00)); P2: 431/193980 (8 unavailable (first: 2025-01-21T06:00:00, 2025-02-24T06:00:00, 2025-02-24T12:00:00 … last: 2025-02-25T06:00:00, 2025-02-25T12:00:00, 2025-02-25T18:00:00))

$dew_point_temperature_2m — null fraction$

dew_point_temperature_2m — full-period value time series

dew_point_temperature_2m — spatial comparison

dew_point_temperature_2m — time series comparison

`downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface downward long-wave radiation flux
short_name	sdlwrf
standard_name	surface_downwelling_longwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	150.4	246.7	24.31	337.4
P2	291.9	320.4	21.94	356.6

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	73.5	310.3	460
Reference	73	302.5	480

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	138	183	254
P1 Reference	129	175.2	254
P2 Validation	284	324.7	376
P2 Reference	260	307.4	372

Nulls — P1: 79440/190800 (1324 unavailable (first: 2024-04-01T00:00:00, 2024-04-01T06:00:00, 2024-04-01T12:00:00 … last: 2025-02-25T06:00:00, 2025-02-25T12:00:00, 2025-02-25T18:00:00)); P2: 79440/190800 (1324 unavailable (first: 2024-04-01T00:00:00, 2024-04-01T06:00:00, 2024-04-01T12:00:00 … last: 2025-02-25T06:00:00, 2025-02-25T12:00:00, 2025-02-25T18:00:00))

$downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — null fraction$

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

`downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`W m-2`
long_name	Surface downward short-wave radiation flux
short_name	sdswrf
standard_name	surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air
step_type	avg

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	5.359	129.2	130.9	281.1
P2	25.82	121	133.3	284.8

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	164.7	936
Reference	0	178	948

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	6.399	47
P1 Reference	7.43	50
P2 Validation	240.8	736
P2 Reference	272.2	1000

$downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — null fraction$

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — full-period value time series

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — spatial comparison

downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_surface — time series comparison

`geopotential_height_500hpa`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Geopotential height
short_name	gh
standard_name	geopotential_height
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	5112	5440	68.11	5766
P2	5275	5519	103.2	5718

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	4738	5553	5954
Reference	0	5544	5948

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	5126	5237	5426
P1 Reference	5062	5201	5430
P2 Validation	5334	5516	5734
P2 Reference	5314	5484	5648

$geopotential_height_500hpa — null fraction$

geopotential_height_500hpa — full-period value time series

geopotential_height_500hpa — spatial comparison

geopotential_height_500hpa — time series comparison

`geopotential_height_850hpa`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Geopotential height
short_name	gh
standard_name	geopotential_height
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	1259	1407	54.54	1528
P2	1235	1408	73.45	1529

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	914.8	1415	1664

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	1256	1372	1468
P2 Validation	1266	1388	1491

$geopotential_height_850hpa — null fraction$

geopotential_height_850hpa — full-period value time series

geopotential_height_850hpa — spatial comparison

geopotential_height_850hpa — time series comparison

`geopotential_height_925hpa`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m`
long_name	Geopotential height
short_name	gh
standard_name	geopotential_height
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	599.9	733.4	57.5	833.5
P2	552.7	722	73.42	844.4

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	277.1	725.2	969.5

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	647.2	745.7	844.8
P2 Validation	570.8	699.7	794.8

$geopotential_height_925hpa — null fraction$

geopotential_height_925hpa — full-period value time series

geopotential_height_925hpa — spatial comparison

geopotential_height_925hpa — time series comparison

`precipitation_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`kg m-2 s-1`
long_name	Precipitation rate
short_name	prate
standard_name	precipitation_flux
step_type	avg

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	9.034e-09	1.803e-05	2.88e-05	0.0001049
P2	5.083e-06	3.93e-05	6.757e-05	0.0001374

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	2.842e-05	0.001549
Reference	0	2.544e-05	0.004456

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	mean	max
P1 Validation	9.579e-06	6.58e-05
P1 Reference	9.238e-06	8.869e-05
P2 Validation	3.319e-05	0.0002403
P2 Reference	2.982e-05	0.0006943

Nulls — P1: 426/190800 (8 unavailable (first: 2025-01-21T06:00:00, 2025-02-24T06:00:00, 2025-02-24T12:00:00 … last: 2025-02-25T06:00:00, 2025-02-25T12:00:00, 2025-02-25T18:00:00)); P2: 426/190800 (8 unavailable (first: 2025-01-21T06:00:00, 2025-02-24T06:00:00, 2025-02-24T12:00:00 … last: 2025-02-25T06:00:00, 2025-02-25T12:00:00, 2025-02-25T18:00:00))

$precipitation_surface — null fraction$

precipitation_surface — full-period value time series

precipitation_surface — spatial comparison

precipitation_surface — time series comparison

`pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	Pressure reduced to MSL
short_name	prmsl
standard_name	air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	9.978e+04	1.013e+05	790.9	1.032e+05
P2	9.895e+04	1.01e+05	910.8	1.025e+05

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	9.594e+04	1.01e+05	1.041e+05
Reference	9.594e+04	1.011e+05	1.051e+05

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	1.006e+05	1.021e+05	1.036e+05
P1 Reference	1.011e+05	1.024e+05	1.042e+05
P2 Validation	9.907e+04	1.007e+05	1.018e+05
P2 Reference	9.882e+04	1.005e+05	1.018e+05

$pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — null fraction$

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — full-period value time series

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — spatial comparison

pressure_reduced_to_mean_sea_level — time series comparison

`pressure_surface`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`Pa`
long_name	Surface pressure
short_name	sp
standard_name	surface_air_pressure
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	8.962e+04	9.1e+04	647.7	9.22e+04
P2	9.895e+04	1.01e+05	911.9	1.025e+05

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	4.846e+04	9.672e+04	1.043e+05
Reference	5.011e+04	9.669e+04	1.041e+05

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	8.973e+04	9.099e+04	9.219e+04
P1 Reference	9.056e+04	9.179e+04	9.325e+04
P2 Validation	9.904e+04	1.007e+05	1.018e+05
P2 Reference	9.875e+04	1.005e+05	1.018e+05

$pressure_surface — null fraction$

pressure_surface — full-period value time series

pressure_surface — time series comparison

`temperature_2m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	2 metre temperature
short_name	2t
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-31.09	-3.201	4.826	18.33
P2	7.351	10.41	1.275	14.25

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-65.5	6.609	41.5
Reference	-59.25	6.943	39.75

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-30.12	-24.68	-10.75
P1 Reference	-30.88	-24.25	-8.5
P2 Validation	7.812	10.85	13.56
P2 Reference	9.188	10.77	12.94

$temperature_2m — null fraction$

temperature_2m — full-period value time series

`temperature_850hpa`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Temperature
short_name	t
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-26.9	-2.928	4.769	15.21
P2	-3.484	1.929	3.379	8.746

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-43.5	2.717	33.25

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-30.62	-21.24	-0.5117
P2 Validation	-4.625	2.79	12.75

$temperature_850hpa — null fraction$

temperature_850hpa — full-period value time series

temperature_850hpa — time series comparison

`temperature_925hpa`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`degree_Celsius`
long_name	Temperature
short_name	t
standard_name	air_temperature
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-24.65	-0.06665	4.646	20.03
P2	1.126	4.859	2.643	10.58

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference not available)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-39.75	5.468	39.5

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-27.75	-19.52	-1.32
P2 Validation	0.4727	5.942	13.19

$temperature_925hpa — null fraction$

temperature_925hpa — full-period value time series

temperature_925hpa — time series comparison

`total_cloud_cover_atmosphere`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`percent`
long_name	Total cloud cover
short_name	tcc
standard_name	cloud_area_fraction
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	31.91	64.96	27.98	94.53
P2	55.65	77.79	20.08	92.68

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	0	69.33	100
Reference	0	60.93	100

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	7.344	74.24	100
P1 Reference	0	67.61	100
P2 Validation	13.81	77.7	100
P2 Reference	0	63.7	100

Nulls — P1: 80764/193980 (1324 unavailable (first: 2024-04-01T00:00:00, 2024-04-01T06:00:00, 2024-04-01T12:00:00 … last: 2025-02-25T06:00:00, 2025-02-25T12:00:00, 2025-02-25T18:00:00)); P2: 80764/193980 (1324 unavailable (first: 2024-04-01T00:00:00, 2024-04-01T06:00:00, 2024-04-01T12:00:00 … last: 2025-02-25T06:00:00, 2025-02-25T12:00:00, 2025-02-25T18:00:00))

$total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — null fraction$

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — full-period value time series

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — spatial comparison

total_cloud_cover_atmosphere — time series comparison

`wind_u_100m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	100 metre U wind component
short_name	100u
standard_name	eastward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-1.355	0.4669	1.359	2.559
P2	-3.964	6.653	5.863	15.47

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-26	-0.3452	26.5
Reference	-23.5	-0.2674	26.75

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-1.344	0.7398	2.594
P1 Reference	-1.422	0.7594	3.469
P2 Validation	-3.281	10.22	20.25
P2 Reference	-7	8.599	20.5

$wind_u_100m — null fraction$

wind_u_100m — full-period value time series

`wind_u_10m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	10 metre U wind component
short_name	10u
standard_name	eastward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-0.9083	0.3994	0.822	1.675
P2	-7.454	5.289	4.873	12.57

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-20.25	-0.2862	21
Reference	-19	-0.2134	22.5

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-0.9141	0.6401	1.531
P1 Reference	-1.266	0.808	3.594
P2 Validation	-3	8.115	16
P2 Reference	-6.062	6.868	16.25

$wind_u_10m — null fraction$

wind_u_10m — full-period value time series

`wind_v_100m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	100 metre V wind component
short_name	100v
standard_name	northward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-2.09	0.2124	2.073	2.003
P2	-8.506	-2.1	7.581	6.605

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-25.75	0.4074	25
Reference	-28	0.3973	24.25

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-5.125	-0.9456	3.594
P1 Reference	-6.938	-0.546	3.719
P2 Validation	-18.25	-4.337	14
P2 Reference	-25.75	-7.248	9.625

$wind_v_100m — null fraction$

wind_v_100m — full-period value time series

`wind_v_10m`

Metadata

Field	Value
units	`m s-1`
long_name	10 metre V wind component
short_name	10v
standard_name	northward_wind
step_type	instant

Point time series statistics for the full period (2024-04-01T00:00 - 2026-06-04T18:00)

Point	min	mean	std	max
P1	-1.167	0.1732	1.092	1.065
P2	-6.511	-1.336	6.129	5.749

Spatial — snapshot at init=2026-05-15T00:00, lead=24h (reference at 2026-05-16T00:00)

Source	min	mean	max
Validation	-19.5	0.3161	20
Reference	-22.75	0.3135	19.25

Temporal — period Forecast init_time: 2025-12-02T18:00

Source	min	mean	max
P1 Validation	-2.75	-0.2756	1.844
P1 Reference	-5.562	-0.2986	2.906
P2 Validation	-14.12	-3.389	12
P2 Reference	-20	-5.92	8.125

$wind_v_10m — null fraction$

wind_v_10m — full-period value time series